Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is a condition that occurs when there is an abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain’s fluid-filled spaces, called ventricles. CSF normally surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord while helping remove waste and maintain pressure within the nervous system.
When CSF does not flow properly, is not absorbed adequately, or is produced in excess, it can cause the ventricles to enlarge and may increase pressure within the skull. Hydrocephalus can occur at any age and may develop due to congenital conditions, medical conditions affecting the brain, injuries, infections, tumors, bleeding, or other causes.
Because symptoms and treatment approaches can vary depending on the underlying cause, age, and overall health, evaluation by a qualified healthcare provider is important for accurate diagnosis and management.
Common Symptoms
Symptoms of hydrocephalus can vary depending on a person’s age, how quickly the condition develops, and changes in pressure within the brain.
Possible symptoms may include:
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Headaches
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Nausea or vomiting
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Changes in balance or coordination
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Difficulty walking or changes in gait
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Vision changes
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Drowsiness or fatigue
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Difficulty concentrating or changes in memory
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Changes in mood or behavior
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Seizures in some cases
In infants and young children, symptoms may include:
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An unusually enlarged head size or rapid increase in head growth
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A bulging soft spot on the head (fontanelle)
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Irritability
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Poor feeding
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Sleepiness
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Developmental delays
Risk Factors and Causes
Hydrocephalus may develop due to conditions that affect the production, flow, or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid.
Potential causes and risk factors may include:
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Congenital conditions: Some individuals are born with abnormalities that affect CSF flow.
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Brain tumors or other growths: These may block normal CSF circulation.
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Brain or spinal cord infections: Infections such as meningitis can affect CSF absorption.
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Bleeding in the brain: Intracranial bleeding, including bleeding associated with certain injuries or medical conditions, may contribute to hydrocephalus.
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Head injuries: Trauma may disrupt normal CSF circulation.
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Previous brain or spinal procedures: Certain medical procedures may affect CSF pathways.
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Age-related changes: Some forms of hydrocephalus, such as normal pressure hydrocephalus, are more commonly seen in older adults.
How Can Hydrocephalus Be Treated?
Treatment for hydrocephalus depends on the underlying cause, severity of symptoms, and individual patient factors. The goal of treatment is to help manage the buildup of cerebrospinal fluid and address the cause when possible.
A neurosurgical evaluation can help determine the appropriate diagnostic approach and available treatment options based on each individual’s condition.