Compression Fractures
A compression fracture is a type of fracture that occurs when one or more vertebrae (the bones that make up the spine) weaken and collapse. These fractures most commonly affect the vertebrae in the middle or lower back and may result in a decrease in vertebral height.
The most common cause of spinal compression fractures is osteoporosis, a condition that causes bones to become weaker and more susceptible to fractures. Compression fractures may also occur due to significant trauma, certain cancers or conditions affecting the spine, or other factors that weaken the vertebrae.
Some compression fractures may develop with minimal symptoms, while others may cause sudden or persistent back pain and changes in spinal alignment. A healthcare provider can evaluate symptoms and imaging findings to determine the cause and appropriate treatment options.
Common Symptoms
Symptoms of a compression fracture can vary depending on the location and severity of the fracture.
Possible symptoms may include:
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Sudden or worsening back pain
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Pain that increases with movement or certain positions
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Limited mobility or stiffness
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Tenderness near the affected area of the spine
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Changes in posture, including increased curvature of the upper back
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Loss of height over time
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Muscle weakness or spasms in some cases
Some compression fractures may not cause noticeable symptoms and may be discovered during imaging performed for another reason.
Risk Factors and Causes
Compression fractures may occur when the vertebrae become weakened or experience forces that exceed their strength.
Potential risk factors and causes may include:
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Osteoporosis: A condition that reduces bone strength and increases fracture risk.
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Age-related bone changes: Bone density and strength may decrease over time.
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Trauma or injury: Falls, accidents, or significant impact may cause fractures.
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Spinal tumors or other conditions affecting bone strength: These may weaken vertebrae and increase fracture risk.
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Certain medications or medical conditions: Some factors may contribute to reduced bone strength.
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Previous osteoporosis-related fractures: A history of fractures associated with weakened bones may increase future fracture risk.
How Can Compression Fractures Be Treated?
Treatment for compression fractures depends on factors such as the location and severity of the fracture, symptoms, underlying cause, and overall health.
Treatment approaches may include:
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Conservative care: Some compression fractures may be managed with supportive care, pain management, and activity adjustments while the fracture heals.
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Physical therapy: Rehabilitation may help improve mobility, strength, posture, and function.
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Bracing: In some cases, a spinal brace may be used to provide additional support.
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Medications: Medications may be used to help manage symptoms or address underlying bone health concerns.
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Vertebral augmentation procedures: Minimally invasive procedures such as vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty may be considered in certain cases to stabilize the affected vertebra and help address symptoms.
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Treatment of underlying conditions: When osteoporosis, tumors, or another condition contributes to fracture risk, addressing that condition may be part of overall care.
A spine specialist can evaluate the condition, review diagnostic imaging, and discuss appropriate treatment options based on each individual’s circumstances.